Terms

Description

a

A quarter of a quick count (quarter of a beat).

accent

the dominant beat of the music measure, usually the first beat of the measure.

across

The foot position where one foot is placed on or over the path of the other.

action

A movement or type of movement (e.g. Pivoting Action, Lowering Action).

activate

To set in motion (e.g. Activate the moving leg).

adage adagio

slowly developed movements such as attitudes, arabesques, and developpes where only one foot is in contact with the floor.

Alemana

An underarm turn in which the lady turns to the right under the right hand, used specifically in International Rumba and Cha Cha.

alignment

The positioning of the different body parts relative to one another. Proper alignment is achieved by vertically lining up the different "blocks of weight" of the body (head, shoulders, abdomen, and hips), allowing for the natural curve of the spine.

allegro

fast movements where only one foot is in contact with the floor. These include kicks and flicks.

amalgamation

A combination of two or more patterns or movements.

amateur

A person who does not seek financial gain from the teaching or performing of dancing.

American Smooth

A subset of the American Style of Ballroom Dancing which includes the following 5 competitive dances: Waltz, Tango, Foxtrot, and Viennese Waltz.

American style

A type of ballroom dancing which evolved from social dancing and is now a fully recognized competitive style of dancing. The 9 main American dances are divided into two groups:
(1) American Smooth, consisting of:
Waltz
Tango
Foxtrot
Viennese Waltz

(2) American Rhythm, consisting of:
Cha Cha
Rumba
East Coast Swing
Bolero
Mambo

amount of turn

The amount of rotation of the feet which occurs on one step, or between two consecutive steps. In the charts, rotation is measured in fractions of a full turn. Body rotation is indicated only when different from the feet.

anchor step

A type of triple step where the feet stay anchored in one place. The anchor step is a stationary triple step danced in third foot position to the timing of 1&2. It is popular in the west coast swing.

and

Half of a quick count (half of a beat).

anticipation

Premature action taken by the follower, before signal is given by the leader.

apart

Any dance position where the man and lady have no points of contact. Since there is no physical connection, the use of apart position is limited to visual lead and follow, or open choreographed dance routines.

appel

An accented movement in place, where the body weight is dropped sharply onto a flat foot. The Appel usually marks the beginning of a strong directional movement.

arabesque

A position of the body where the free leg is extended straight behind the body, usually lifted off the floor.

arc turn

An underarm turn in which the lady turns to the right under the right hand, or to the left under the left hand.

arch

The part of the foot between the ball and the heel, which forms the shape of an arch.

Argentine Tango

A style of Tango which originated in the streets and salons of Buenos Aires, characterized by its passionate hold and complex leg and foot movements.

arm styling

Positioning and movement of the arms, reflecting the character of a dance or style of dancing.

Associate

The first complete level of the International style syllabus, representing the foundation of movements and basic dance concepts.

attitude

A body position where the free leg is raised with the knee bent.

axis of rotation

An imaginary vertical line around which the body turns. Depending on the type of rotation, an axis can run through the center of the body, through one of its sides, or outside of the body altogether.

bachata

Sometimes referred to as the "blues music of the Dominican Republic" this Latin dance was developed there, borrowing from the Cuban bolero.

back line

The line across the back of the shoulders, from elbow to elbow. In Closed Position, a good Back Line is expansive and slightly rounded, with no pinching of the shoulder blades.

back to back position

Dance position where man and lady face away from each other.

backing

A term used in the description of Alignments, to specify movement which is backward ( i.e. Backing LOD, Backing DC ).

backward tango close

A Tango Close which begins with the man stepping back on the left foot.

balance

The correct distribution of body weight between the feet or over the standing foot.

balance step

A step in any direction, followed by a close (no weight) and a hold.

ball

The rounded part of the foot between the toes and the arch.

ball

A type of footwork, abbreviated "B". A "ball" step is taken without the heel in contact with the floor, but with little or no rise resulting in the body.

ball change

A change of weight from the ball of one foot to the flat of the other foot.

ball-change

A series of two consecutive steps, the first step being taken with the ball of the foot only. The rhythm is usually syncopated.

ball-flat

A type of footwork, abbreviated "BF". A "Ball-Flat" step is taken first with the ball of the foot in contact with the floor, and then with the whole foot flat.

ball-heel

A type of footwork, abbreviated "BH". A "Ball-Heel" step is taken first with the ball of the foot in contact with the floor, and then with the whole foot flat. In the Latin dances, when a Ball-Heel step is being taken, the heel of the free foot will release from the floor while the toe maintains contact. In Tango, the heel of the free foot will release, except on back steps where the toe will release.

ballroom dancing

partner dancing the traditional ballroom dances: waltz, foxtrot, swing, cha cha, etc.

bar

A unit of music representing a group of consecutive beats. The number of beats in a bar or measure is measured by the time signature, and is determined by the ratio and relative strength of the naturally strong and weak beats occurring in the music.

bar

The metrical division of music into groups of beats, and marked by vertical bar lines drawn across the musical staff. Also known as "measure." Its main purpose is to indicate the placement of rhythmic emphasis and to be a visual aid to musicians.

base

The lower half of the body, including the feet, legs and hips.

basic figure

A standardized step pattern which, together with other patterns, constitute the basis of a dance.

beat

One single pulse of music. Beats are usually arranged into groups of 2, 3, or 4, called measures.

beat value

The duration of a note measured in beats. For example: The beat value of a "slow" count is two beats.

blending

The skillful combining of movements in a smooth and natural manner.

blocks of weight

The primary sections of the upper body arranged vertically. From top down: Head, Shoulder/Chest, Abdomen, and Hips.

BLOD

Backward Line of Dance

body completes turn

Indicated in the chart under Amount of Turn. Used primarily on the inside if a turn, usually following a step labeled "body turns less", where the amount of body rotation is less than the amount of foot rotation. When the body completes turn, it squares off with the feet.

body contact

The area of physical contact between man's and lady's body when in Closed, Promenade, or Outside Partner position.

body flight

The natural release of body weight from a swinging action. Body Flight is found in the ballroom swing dances.

body rise

The body rises by bracing the leg muscles (straightening the knees) and stretching the spine then relaxes to a natural stance.

body swing

A pendulum-type swinging action of the body.

body turn

Amount of turn of the body when it is different from the feet.

body turns less

Indicated in the chart under Amount of Turn. Used primarily on the inside if a turn, when the amount of body rotation is less than the amount of foot rotation. A step taken with "body turns less" is usually followed by a step with "body completes turn".

body weight

The concept of the weight of the entire body as a unit. The relationship of the body weight to the feet is determined primarily by the Center, but can be affected by the weight of individual body parts.

bolero

Originally a Spanish dance and music developed in the late 18th century with a distinctive rhythm in triplet time at a moderately slow tempo. In Cuba in the 20th century it was further developed into a popular duple time dance. Modern Bolero is one of the rhythm competition dances in the American style of ballroom dancing.

Box Step

A pattern consisting of six steps, which when taken in its entirety, form the shape of a box.

BPM

Beats per Minute

break

A stop in the music or movement OR A unit of two steps where the second step is taken in exactly the opposite direction from the first.

break step

A step that changes the direction of movement. The Latin break-step is a two step sequence where the first and second steps are taken in opposition. Most Latin dances use break steps.

breakaway

A break which is taken in open position, with partners moving in opposition.

broken sway

Body sway which does not result from the natural swinging action of the body, such as is found in an Oversway.

Bronze

The first complete level of the American Medallist System, representing the foundation of movements and basic dance concepts.

brush

The action of closing the moving foot to the standing foot, without changing weight, between steps.

bump

Dancers bump hips to the side or the buttocks of their partners.

BWD

Backward

Cabaret

A special single-dance division of Dancesoprt in which couples dance an exhibition-style piece to their own selection of music. The dance may incorporate lifts and/or drops, and is not limited to the pre-defined dance styles such as Smooth or Latin.

cadence

A definitive ending to a musical phrase.

canter timing

A rhythm used in 3/4 music where two steps are taken over the course of 3 beats; the second beat is skipped.

Carolina shag

a slotted swing dance that shares many figures with “jitterbug” and east coast swing.

carriage

The position of the arms and top line while in dance position.

center

The place on the body just below the abdomen and above the groin. Balance is determined primarily by the placement of the center in relationship to the feet.

center (Ballroom Alignment)

The middle of the dance floor. In the Alignments section of the charts, the Center is the direction exactly opposite the Wall.

Center of Gravity

See Center

CFP

Close Facing Position

Cha Cha

An exciting, syncopated Latin dance which originated in the 1950's as a slowed-down Mambo. The Cha Cha gets its name and character from its distinct repetitive foot rhythm.

chaîné turns

Chained, rolling turns. A turn or chain of turns, in which one full turn is made with each two steps. The technique: step forward and bring the feet together making a weight change (while in first foot position) and completion of a 360-degree rotation.

Chair

A strong checking action taken forward and across in Promenade Position, with the man's right and lady's left foot.

challenge position

A dance position where the man and lady are apart and without contact, facing each other.

change of weight

The full movement or transference of body weight from one foot to the other.

change step (or closed change)

a three step sequence used to change weight from one foot to the other. Usually these steps are the first three steps of the box step.

change weight

See Change of Weight

chase

A figure where one partner pursues the other. Popular in cha cha. A visual “what-you-see-is-what-you-do” lead is used for this figure.

chassé

A series of 2 or 3 consecutive lateral steps, where the feet are closed on the second step.

chassé turn

a step-close-step turning step where the feet close to first position during the turn.

check

A pronounced discontinuation of movement through the feet.

choreography

A creation or compilation of steps, patterns and movements which make up a dance or a dance routine.

clave

The common, underlying two-measure rhythm of Afro-Cuban music such as the Mambo. The Clave rhythm accents specific beats within the two measure phrase; One measure contains two accents while the other contains three.

Closed Change

A movement used in the ballroom swinging dances which consists of three steps, the feet closing on the third step. The Change step is most frequently used to change back and forth between Left and Right Box Turns ( Closed Turns ).

closed division

A division of competition which involves the dancing of figures specific to a syllabus, to the exclusion of variations and choreography.

closed facing position

(Latin & Rhythm)
A dance position where partners face each other slightly apart, with the normal hold.

closed figure

A figure which ends with one foot closing to the other, with a change of weight.

closed finish

The last part of a figure which ends with feet together, such as steps 4-6 of a Waltz Twinkle.

closed position

Refers to the normal hold where man and lady stand facing each other. In the smooth ballroom dances, partners stand very close together in body contact, slightly offset to the left. In the Latin dances, partners stand a few inches apart, either directly in front of each other or very slightly offset.

closed turn

A turn consisting of 3 steps, where the feet are closed on the second or third step.

coaster step

a triple step, sometimes used in swing dancing. Usually, the pattern is called out as “back-together-forward.

collect

To complete the changing of weight to the standing foot by drawing the moving foot underneath the body.

combination

A group of consecutive patterns and choreography.

component

An small, individual unit of movement.

compression

The lowering of the center resulting from the bending of the knees, for the purpose of commencing movement.

connection

A means of communication between partners, either visually, or as an actual physical point of contact.

continuity movement

The continuous passing of the feet from one step to the next, without closing or chasse action. The concept of continuity-style movement is usually specific to the ballroom swing dances, and pertains to the third or last step in a measure. In American Style competitive dancing, continuity is not allowed in the Bronze Level.

contra body movement

The turning of the body against the standing foot, in the direction of the moving leg. Contra Body Movement is used to commence turns in the ballroom dances. Also known as: Contrary Body Movement, Contra Body Motion.

contra position

Dance position where man and lady are both moving toward each other's left/right side, both using the same foot.

contra-body movement position

a position achieved by moving the leg rather than the body by either crossing in front or behind. The foot position achieved by stepping in line with the standing foot.

control

The ability to maintain balance and stability throughout the body while dancing.

Corté

Spanish word meaning, "cut". The word Corte is used to describe several different figures, including the American style Tango Corte (Lunge), the International style Tango Back Corte, and the Waltz Reverse Corte and Hover Corte.

counter promenade position

A V-shaped Dance Position with the lady on the man's left side.

counter weight

Tension applied to a connection through the opposition of of the partners' body weight.

counterpart

The corresponding part to a pattern danced by the partner.

cross body lead

An American Style basic figure in which the man turns perpendicular the lady, leading her to dance forward on a path which crosses in front of his body.

cross body position

Dance Position where man and lady are at right-angles to each other, lady moving in front of man from his right to his left side.

cross turn

A turn consisting of 3 steps, where the feet are crossed on the second or third step.

cruzara

Spanish word meaning, "cross": A step taken with one foot crossed tightly over the other, either in front or behind.

cuban motion

The rotation of the hips around the spine achieved by the alternate bending and straightening of the knees. Specific to American Style Rhythm dancing.

cuban walks

Forward or Backward walks taken with Cuban-style hip motion.

cucarachas

Alternating side breaks to the left and to the right. These are also called side breaks. In the breaking action, the feet move from first position to second position.

cuddle position

A variation of the Shadow Position where the man and lady are in very close contact. Usually, the hands are connected in the following way: Man's LH to Lady's RH, and Man's RH to Lady's LH. Also known as Flirtation Position.

cut time

The time signature of 2/4. Each measure contains two beats. Samba and Tango are examples of music written in Cut Time.

dance position

The position of the man and lady in relationship to each other when dancing.

DanceSport

The official name given to the sport of competitive ballroom dancing. Relates to the more athletic form of ballroom dancing as recognized by the Olympic Committee.

developpé

(Dev-Lo-PAY) A movement in which the working leg is drawn up to the knee of the supporting leg and from there smoothly out to a position in the air, usually at 90 degrees (i.e., parallel to the floor).

diagonal movement

Movement which is simultaneously lateral (sideways) and progressive (forward/back).

dig

To touch the ball or heel of the free foot to the floor with a strong emphasis.

directional movement

Movement toward a specific direction (as opposed to rotational movement). Three types of directional movement are Lateral, Progressive, and Diagonal.

downbeat

Refers to the strongest beats in each measure. In 4/4 music the downbeats are the 1 and the 3. (The upbeats are 2 and 4).

drag

A drag is a theatrical type of dance movement in which the follower is scooted along the floor surface by the leader. The leader may effect the drag either through leverage or through compression.

drop

A theatrical type of movement in which the follower's body weight is partially or completely Dropsupported by the leader while at least one part of the follower's body remains in contact with the floor.

DTC

Diagonally To The Center

DTW

Diagonally To The Wall

dynamics

Changes in the various qualities of dancing, such as speed, height, mood, and intensity.

East Coast Swing

A subset of Swing derived from Lindy Hop and Jitterbug, making use of refined (American Style) ballroom technique.

English style

The internationally recognized style of ballroom dancing, as originally established and codified by the English.

envelopé

An action whereby the free foot is pointed forward, lifted off of the floor with the leg straight, and then, by bending the knee of the free foot, drawn inward toward the knee of the supporting leg.

exhibition ballroom dancing

The performing of ballroom dances in a stylized, theatrical presentation.

expression

Effective communication of feeling, character, and emotion felt by the dancer. OR. Facial gestures that convey emotion.

extended forward walk

Latin-style forward walk commenced by extending the foot in front of the body in a pointed position. The most common usage of the extended forward walk is the lady's step #4 of the Alemana Turn in Cha Cha or Rumba.

facing

A description of the alignment of the body, when it is the same as the feet.

fake

Changing from the usual foot by either skipping or adding a step to the normal step pattern.

fallaway position

A V-shaped dance position similar to Promenade Position, but with man and lady moving backward.

fan

A basic figure used in the International Style Rumba and Cha Cha, incorporating the Fan Position, A swivel taken on one foot, ended with the free foot pointing to the side.

fan kick

High, straight leg kick where the extended leg makes a circular sweep.

fan position

Dance position where man and lady stand at right-angles, lady on man's left side. Man holds lady's right hand in his left.

fan spin

A turn on one foot with the other (unweighted) foot held in second dance position. See our turn technique video.

Feather

A Foxtrot movement involving 3 progressive steps, the third step usually taken with lady in Right Outside Partner Position. Types of Feather movements: Feather Step, Feather Finish, Feather Finish from PP, Hover Feather, Curved Feather, Back Feather.

feet, positions of

There are five basic positions of the feet. First position: feet together (feet in line with heels together); Second position: feet apart (feet in line, heels apart, separated by about the length of one's foot; Third position: heel to instep (feet touching, one foot in front of the other with heel to instep); Fourth position: normal walking step (feet apart, separated about the length of a foot, one foot in front of the other); Fifth position: feet touching, one foot in front, heel to toe and toe to heel.

Fellow

The fourth complete level of the International system, representing the highest level of achievement of syllabus patterns and concepts.

fifth position

Heel to toe. Often used in a rock-step.

figure

A standardized step pattern which, together with other patterns, constitute the basis of a dance.

first position

Feet together, toes forward and slightly turned out.

flat

A type of footwork, abbreviated "F", or "WF" (for whole foot).

flex

An inclined position of the foot which is achieved when the heel is still in contact with the floor, but the ball is not.

flick

Sharp, quick kick backwards with a pointed toe and a flexed knee. OR. An extension of the lower leg taken in a sharp or staccato manner.

flirtation position

A variation of the Shadow Position where the man and lady are in very close contact. Usually, the hands are connected in the following way: Man's LH to Lady's RH, and Man's RH to Lady's LH. Also known as Cuddle Position.

floor craft

The ability of the leader to maneuver around the dance floor in a skilled and controlled manner as to avoid colliding with other dancers.

follow through

The non-support foot passes by the weighted foot before changing directions.

following

The ability of the follower to react correctly to the signals given by the leader through physical and visual connections.

foot positions (Ballet)

The five positions of the feet as defined in Ballet, which are:First Position (together), Second Position (apart, side by side), Third Position (heel to instep), Fourth Position (apart, one foot forward), Fifth Position (toe to heel)

foot positions (Ballroom)

Indication of the placement of the feet relative to each other. Examples: LF Forward, RF Side, LF Diagonally Back.

foot pressure

Pressure applied to the floor through the free foot, often a result of having partial body weight on it.

foot rise

Elevation of the body through the use of the ankles, by pushing up onto the balls of the feet.

footwork

The part of the foot in contact with the floor at a specific point in time. Examples: Ball, Heel, Inside Edge of Whole Foot.

formation team

A group of three or more dancers who perform ballroom-style routines.

four count hustle

Also called four count swing. One step is taken on each beat of the music. See four count swing.

four count swing

Similar to three-count hustle but easier to learn, four count swing is perfect for fast disco music and for “techno-beat” music.

fourth position

Walking step, forward or back.

Foxtrot

A smooth dance introduced to the public in 1913 by Harry Fox, noted for being the first dance to incorporate into the rhythm a combination of Slows and Quicks. Foxtrot is characterized by smooth, walking-style movements, but can be adapted to fit a variety of musical tempi and style, or to fit onto small, crowded nightclub dance floors.

frame

The position of the arms and top line while in dance position.

frame

Posture, body position, and arm position for the purpose of maintaining connection.

free foot

The foot that does not have the majority of body weight, being free enough to move.

free leg

The leg that does not have the majority of body weight, being free enough to move.

free turn or free spin

To turn independently without any body contact.

freestyle dancing

Any style of dancing that does not involve the dancing of pre-conceived steps, figures or choreography. Often associated with solo (non-partner) dancing.

freestyle division

A division of competition whereby the man leads the lady through an improvised set of figures, without relying on pre-determined choreography or dance routines.

freeze

A stop no movement.

FWD

Forward

Gancho

A "hooking" action of one leg around another.

Gold level

The third complete level of the American Medalist System, representing advanced patterns and concepts. Gold is not a level associated with social dancing.

grapevine

A continuous traveling step pattern to the side with crosses behind and/or in front. Steps sideways where the trailing foot alternates between crossing in front and crossing behind.

guapacha

(Wah-pah-CHA) Usually used in cha cha dancing. The timing changes from the standard 1,2,3,4& to 1,2&3, 4& 1,2&3. No step is taken on the & count between 2 and 3, rather, the step normally taken on count 2 is delayed by ½ beat.

heel

A type of footwork, abbreviated "H", or "HF" (for Heel-Flat). A "heel" step is taken first with the heel in contact with the floor, and then with the whole foot flat. (The "Flat" is usually implied).

heel lead

A step which is taken commencing with only the heel in contact with the floor. The toe lowers to the floor when the majority of body weight is placed on it. This type of footwork is often notated "heel", or simply, "H".

heel pull

A type of Heel Turn where the moving foot is "pulled" back and to the side of the supporting foot, slightly apart. The footwork of the moving foot is as follows: Heel first, then Inside Edge of Foot, then Whole Foot.

heel turn

A turn taken with the weight over the heel of the supporting foot. The movement commences with back step (Toe-Heel). The turn begins when the free foot closes to the supporting foot, being held parallel throughout the turn. The weight then transfers to the closing foot at the end of the turn.

heel-ball

A type of footwork, abbreviated "HB". A "heel-ball" step is taken commencing with only the heel in contact with the floor. The toe lowers when the majority of body weight is placed on it. The heel then disengages from the floor without body weight, although not enough to cause any rise of the body.

heel-ball twist turn

A type of Twist Turn taken with the weight distributed equally between feet, on the heel of one foot, and the ball of the other. The turn is executed by crossing one foot either in front of or behind the other, and then twisting in the direction of the forward foot. When the turn is complete, the feet will have closed into first position, having turned approximately 3/4 of a full turn.

heel-toe

A type of footwork, abbreviated "HT". A "heel-toe" step is taken commencing with only the heel in contact with the floor. The toe lowers when the majority of body weight is placed on it. Near the end of the step, the heel lifts from the floor, causing the body to rise.

hesitation

An action in which progression is temporarily suspended or checked, the weight being held on the supporting foot for one or more beats.

hip motion

Any movement of the hips, either independently of the torso and spine (such as Latin hip motion), or in unison with the torso and spine (such as is the case in the smooth/swinging dances).

Hip Twist

A Latin dance figure involving a twisting action of the hips danced by the lady.

Hockey Stick

A basic figure used in International Rumba and Cha Cha, taken from Fan Position and involving a Loop Turn for the lady. The figure gets its name from the hockey stick- shape of the path that the lady moves along throughout.

hold

(In music) A count to describe a designated time before taking another step.

home

Original starting place.

hover

A step taken high on the balls of the feet, for the purpose of changing of direction and/or rotation, and allowing enough time for the moving foot to brush toward (or to) the standing foot.

Hustle

A fast but smooth-moving dance which originated in the nightclubs of the 1970's disco era, as a modified version of swing. Hustle is noted for its fast and elaborate spins and turns, especially for the lady. It is also very easily adapted to crowded, nightclub dance floors.

Impetus

A basic International figure involving a Heel Turn for the man.

inside foot

The foot which is closer to the partner when in Promenade, Outside Partner, or Side-by-Side Position.

inside turn

the lady turns to her left under the man's left hand, or she turns to her right under the man's right hand.

inside underarm turn

An underarm turn in which the lady turns to the left under the right hand, or to the right under the left hand.

instep

The part of the foot which is on the inside edge, between the ball and the heel.

International Standard

A subset of the International Style of Ballroom Dancing which includes the following 5 dances: Slow Waltz, Tango, Viennese Waltz, Slow Foxtrot, and Quickstep.

International style

The internationally recognized style of ballroom dancing. The 10 International dances are divided into two groups:
(1) International Standard (Modern), consisting of Slow Waltz, Tango, Viennese Waltz, Slow Foxtrot, and Quickstep.

(2) International Latin, consisting of Cha Cha, Samba, Rumba, Paso Doble, and Jive.

isolation

Movement of one part of the body independently of the rest.

Jitterbug

An older style of Swing danced in single-rhythm, to very fast big band jazz music of the thirties and forties.

Jive

The International version of East Coast Swing. In spite of its fast tempo, Jive is still danced in triple-rhythm.

Kick ball change

A three step sequence often danced in swing dancing to the count 1&2. The step consists of a kick, a step to the ball of the opposite foot, and then a step to change weight. Usually danced to triple step timing. Often replaces the rock step in swing dancing.

L

Left

lateral movement

Movement to the side.

Latin

A subset of the International Style of Ballroom Dancing which includes Cha Cha, Samba, Rumba, Paso Doble, and Jive.

Latin dances

The partner dances originating from the Caribbean: mambo, rumba, merengue, etc.

Latin hip motion

The characteristic movement of the hips found in the Latin and Rhythm dances. It is achieved by rotating the hips around the spine.

Latin walks

Forward or backward walks taken with Latin Hip Motion.

leading

Effective communication of intended actions on the part of the man, through the use of his own body movements, and through one or more connections to his partner (physical and/or visual).

lean

Often seen in theatre arts routines. One partner leans into or away from the other, and the non-leaning partner supports this figure.

Left Cross Turn

A half-turn to the left, consisting of 3 steps, where the left foot crosses in front of the right foot on the third step. This is also known in Viennese Waltz and International Tango as a Basic Reverse Turn, but is often specified as a Cross-Turn when differentiating it from a basic Closed Reverse (Chasse) Turn.

leg swing

A pendulum-type swinging action of the leg underneath the hip.

leverage move

Often seen in theatre arts routines. One partner counterbalances the other so as to keep him or her from falling.

LF

Left Foot

lift

A theatrical type of movement in which the follower's body weight is completely supported by the leader and held aloft.

Lindy

The grandfather of all forms of Swing, named after Charles Lindberg, and originating at the Savoy ballroom in the 1930's as a modified form of Charleston done in dance position. Lindy Hop is currently enjoying a revival with a new generation of swing clubs, musicians, and dancers.

Lindy timing

8-count timing as found in many of the Lindy basic actions, taken as follows: 1, 2, 3&4, 5, 6, 7&8, or 1&2, 3, 4, 5&6, 7, 8. The 8-count timing is used in almost all forms of swing, but is most commonly referred with this terminology in ballroom Swing and Jive.

line

Lines, real or imaginary, created by the positioning of the various body parts in a visually pleasing manner.

line dancing

A type of non-partner dancing, primarily associated with the Country & Western genre, where a group of people will dance through a pre-choreographed sequence of movements in unison. The choreography is generally simple, as it is intended for mass-consumption. Examples of Line Dances are the Electric Slide, the Tush-Push, and the Slappin' Leather.

line of dance

The counterclockwise flow of traffic around the dance floor. The Line of Dance represents the general direction of movement overall, and is only pertinent to dances that travel continuously around the floor, such as Foxtrot, Waltz, Tango, and Samba.

linear

Movement which follows a straight direction, as opposed to movement which is rotational.

lock

A tight cross of the feet in 1st or 2nd position. The lock step is usually danced to triple step timing. During the step, the lower part of the legs cross such that the back leg becomes locked behind the leading leg until the leading leg moves forward. The lock step is often used in the triple step of the cha cha cha.

LOD

Line Of Dance

lowering

The lowering of the body from a position of rise, through the action of the ankles/feet. Not to be confused with compression.

lunge

A weight transfer to a bent leg with the other leg extended.

Mambo

A fast Latin dance, similar to Salsa, which comes from Cuba. Mambo was brought to America in the 1940's and 50's and eventually adapted as an American style ballroom dance. Most of the movements emphasize the second beat in the measure, suggestive of the Clave rhythm which is fundamental to Mambo music.

measure

A unit of music representing a group of consecutive beats. The number of beats in a bar or measure is measured by the time signature, and is determined by the ratio and relative strength of the naturally strong and weak beats occurring in the music.

medalist system

The universally recognized system which represents the various levels of dance proficiency. The levels are:

Bronze (social or foundation standard)
Silver (intermediate standard)
Gold(advanced standard)

Some schools recognize higher standards with names such as "Gold Star" and "Supreme Gold", but there are no set standards of naming conventions for these levels.

Member

The third complete level of the International system, representing advanced movements and dance concepts.

Merengue

An energetic Latin-style march which originated in the Dominican Republic, which emphasizes a straight-ahead 8-count rhythm taken with Cuban Motion. Merengue is now also a subset of the modern club-style Salsa dances.

metronomic motion

Movement of the body or part of the body which emulates the swinging action of a metronome: An upper portion of the body travels at a faster rate of speed than a portion of the body below.

military turn

The 180 degree turn that effects an “about face.” The turn consists of a prep step and a pivot.

Modern style

The former term for the International Standard style of ballroom dancing. See also International Standard.

Modern Style Ballroom

The term used to describe the ballroom dances of the International Style: waltz, foxtrot, Viennese waltz, tango, and quickstep. This term has largely been replaced by the term standard.

moving

A description of the direction toward which the body is traveling, specifically when it is different from the body's facing alignment and/or pointing alignment.

moving foot

The foot that does not have the majority of body weight, being free enough to move.

MPM

Measures Per Minute

musicality

The ability to hear and interpret music in a way that is both mechanically correct and artistically expressive.

natural opposite

A term used in teaching to say that one partner will be dancing the same foot positions in a particular dance pattern except in the opposite direction and on opposite feet.

Natural Resolution

Term used by Argentine Tango dancers to describe the natural resolve to the end of a musical phrase (a cadence). The pattern itself is very similar to the first four steps of a Box Step, and is usually taken as the ending of another pattern, such as the Cruzara.

Note: Since Tango dancers do not use the terms natural and reverse to describe right- and left-turning movements, the term "Natural Resolution" can be very misleading to a ballroom dancer; It frequently turns to the left.

natural turn

A turn to the right.

natural underarm turn

Nightclub Two-Step

An easy-going social dance, similar in movement to the Bossa Nova, first introduced in the 80's by Buddy Schwimmer and popular amongst the West Coast Swing crowd. Nightclub 2-Step is normally danced to medium-tempo pop love songs and M.O.R., using combinations of Slow-Quick-Quick and Quick-Quick-Slow rhythms.

no foot rise

An action of rise which is taken through the knees and body only, but not through the feet. When backward walks are indicated as having no foot rise, the toe of the forward foot should release from the floor, allowing the heel to remain in contact as it draws inward toward the standing foot.

off time

To dance in a way that is not synchronized with the beat of the music.

OFP

Open Facing Position

open break

A break step taken in open facing position, usually with the partners dancing in opposition. In other words, they both break back simultaneously.

open division

A division of competition which can involve the dancing of variations and/or choreography.

open facing position

A variation of Open Position where man and lady stand apart, facing each other, usually with a one- or two-hand connection.

open figure

Any figure which involves the continuous passing of the feet, without a closing or chasse action. (also see Continuity).

open finish

The last part of a figure which ends with feet passing, such as steps 4-6 of a Foxtrot Open Left Turn (Silver level).

open position

Any dance position where man and lady stand apart or slightly apart, without taking a closed position dance hold.

open turn

A turn consisting of 3 steps, where the feet pass continuously throughout all three steps. Example: Open Left (Reverse) Turn, Open Finish.

opposition

Movement taken in a direction opposite of the direction of one's partner.

outside foot

The foot which is farther away from one's partner when in Promenade, Outside Partner, or Side-by-Side Position.

outside partner position

A variation of the Closed Position where the tracking of the man and lady's feet are slightly offset. When in Outside Partner Position, the person moving forward will step in CBMP, to the partner's right or left.

outside turn

the lady turns to her right under the man's left hand or she turns to her left under the man's right hand. See also inside turn.

outside underarm turn

An underarm turn in which the lady turns to the left under the left hand, or to the right under the right hand.

paddle turn

A turn either left or right, using a series of ball changes with 3/4 of the weight staying over the turning foot.

parallel position

Two of the most prominent American teaching systems define Parallel Position differently:

School #1 defines Parallel as being the same as Outside Partner Position, with man and lady facing each other, slightly offset.

School #2 defines Parallel as being the same as Shadow Position, with man and lady facing the same direction, slightly offset.

Paso Doble

A dramatic French-Spanish Flamenco-style march danced in 2/4 time, with man portraying the matador in a bullfight, the lady as his cape. Paso Doble is usually danced to España Cani, the Spanish Gypsy Dance.

passé

A movement in which the pointed foot of the working leg is made to pass the knee of the supporting leg. The result is a figure “4.”

pattern

A small group of individual steps or movements.

pencil turn

A spin on one foot, with the free foot held next to the standing foot in first position.

pendulum motion

Movement of the body or part of the body which emulates the swinging action of a pendulum: A lower portion of the body travels at a faster rate of speed than a portion of the body above.

phrase

A self-contained musical statement which has a definite beginning, middle and end ; A musical passage or sentence. In dance music, the length of the phrases is often consistent and predictable, (such as 2, 4, or 8 measures), but odd-measure phrases are not uncommon.

picture line

A dance figure (e.g. Oversway, Contra Check) characterized by changing shapes in stationary position. Also known as line.

pirouette

A complete turn on one leg. The dancer usually goes round more than once. The dancer spots (see "spotting") in order to avoid becoming disoriented. Pirouettes are usually fast.

pitch

The inclination of the body forward or backward.

pivot

A turn in the direction of the forward foot, taken following a forward or backward progressive movement, with weight held over one foot.

pivot turn

A 180 degree turn on the ball of one foot, performed in extended 3rd foot position with the thighs locked. A series creates traveling rotations, with 180 degrees of rotation per weight change.

pivoting action

A turn in the direction of the forward foot, taken following a forward progressive movement, where the majority of rotation occurs as the weight is leaving the supporting foot.

point

An extended position of the foot which is achieved when the toe or ball is still in contact with the floor, but the heel is not.

pointing

Refers to the alignment of the feet when diffferent from the direction the body is facing or moving.

poise

The pitch of the body and placement of the body weight relative to the feet.

polka

A moderately fast dance (200 beats/minute) in 2/4 time for couples, originating in Bohemia in the 19th century and becoming popular in Europe and in the U.S.A. The dance consists on "triple steps." The count is 1&2, 3&4.

positions of arms

The five positions of the feet as defined in Ballet, such as First Position (arms down, at sides), Second Position (arms extended to side), and Fifth Position (arms raised above head).

posture

The positioning of the different body parts relative to one another. Good posture is achieved by vertically aligning the different "blocks of weight" of the body (head, shoulders, abdomen, and hips), allowing for the natural curve of the spine with minimal distortions.

PP

Promenade Position

prep

A lead-in move or step a set up used as a preparation for a turn or a change of dance position.

press line

A body position seen in Paso Doble and occasionally Tango, where the weight is split between the feet, but favoring the front foot. The front leg is bent with the foot arched high on the ball, while the back leg is straight with the foot flat on the floor.

pressed forward walk

A type of Latin Walk whereby the weight is placed onto the ball of the foot with knee bent. The heel is usually lowered and knee straightened before the next step is taken.

professional dancer

A person who seeks financial gain from the teaching or performing of dancing.

progressive movement

Movement which travels forward or backward through space.

progressive rotation

Movement which is both progressive and rotational in nature. Examples of progressive rotation are Pivots, Chainé Turns, and the Viennese Left Cross Turn.

projection

Extension of the body position, posture, movement, energy and volume to a performance level.

promenade position

A V-shaped dance position where both man and lady move forward and in the same direction, toward the open end of the "V".

pronate

To roll the foot so that the top angles inward (inside edge to the floor). Pronation is a common technique in Latin and Rhythm styles.

pull

Tension applied to a connection through the manipulation of body weight or away from it.

push

Tension applied to a connection through the manipulation of body weight toward it.

push & pull

Tension applied to a connection through the manipulation of body weight toward it (push) or away from it (pull)

Q

Quick

quick

A musical count which encompasses one beat of music, exactly one-half the time of a "Slow".

Quickstep

An English style ballroom dance which is characterized by fast movement, often including a variety of hops, kicks, skips, lock steps and chassés.

R

Right

reverse turn

A turn to the left.

reverse underarm turn

RF

Right Foot

rhythm

The beat value or combination of beat values of the notes and accents in a given piece of music, musical phrase, melody, or note.

rhythm break

To leave the natural rhythm of the pattern.

rhythm category

A category of dancing that include the following American Style dances danced at competitions: rumba, cha cha, bolero, mambo and swing.

ride

A ride, sometimes referred to as a horse and cart movement occurs when one partner supports and rotates the riding partner on an axis.

rise & fall

The continuous changing of body elevation through the use of the feet, ankles, and legs.

rock

Two weight changes with the feet apart, taken in any direction.

rock step

A shifting of weight back and forth from one foot to the other, in place.

roll

The indicated body part circles right or left.

rondé

A circling action of the free foot and leg.

rotational movement

Movement which causes the body to turn towards a new alignment or orientation.

rubato

Not in a constant tempo; Frequently accented with varying speeds and pauses.

Rumba

A slow- to medium-tempo Latin American dance in 4/4 time, which is characterized by sensual, provocative movements and gestures, Latin-style hip motion, and playful and flirtatious interplay between man and lady.

S

Slow

sailor step

A triple step dance pattern accomplished by leaning in the opposite direction of the crossing foot (weight stays centered over lead foots original position) Example: Leaning toward left (1) Step left behind right (&) Side step right (2) Side step left (to original position).

salsa

A hot Latin dance hot which, when danced correctly, displays a lot of shakin', shimmying, and hip action.

Samba

A rhythmical Brazilian dance in 2/4 time which has been adapted for modern Ballroom dancing and incorporated into the repertoire of the International Standard syllabus.

Samba bounce

Rhythmical bouncing motion of the Samba, achieved by the continuous flexing and straightening of the knees, as well as the usage of the feet and ankles. Samba is noted for it's distinct style of movement, which incorporates both Latin hip motion and the signature "Samba Bounce".

second position

Feet parallel, shoulder width apart.

shadow position

Dance position where both man and lady face the same direction, with one partner either directly in front of the other, or slightly offset to the left or right. As the name implies, Shadow position is usually taken with partners shadowing each other's movement, on the same foot and in the same direction. Partners can be closed (in body contact), semi-closed (slightly apart but within arms reach), or completely apart.

shag

see Carolina shag.

shimmy

Alternating shoulder movements forward and backward.

shine

Popular in Latin dances such as mambo and cha cha, these are movements where the partners are not physically connected. Often the partners dance similar patterns while disconnected or they act out a piece of music interpretation.

shine position

Dance position where dancers stand apart, facing each other. The term "Shine Position" is usually associated with modern social Disco and Latin freestyle dancing, where dancers improvise and "show off" to their partners.

shoulder leading

Position of the body such that the shoulder (and usually the entire side of the body) corresponding to the moving foot is in advance of the other side. For example, when the right foot moves forward, the right side of the body moves forward in advance of the left side. Opposite of Contra Body Movement.

shuffle

A triple step similar to a polka step with no lilt. Used in triple two step.

sickle

To roll the foot so that the top angles outward (outside edge to the floor). This is almost always considered poor technique. Also known as supination.

side by side position

Dance position where man and lady stand side by side. They can have a one-arm or one-hand hold, or stand apart without a connection.

side leading

Position of the body such that the side of the body corresponding to the moving foot is in advance of the other side. For example, when the right foot moves forward, the right side of the body moves forward in advance of the left side. Opposite of Contra Body Movement.

Silver

The second complete level of the American Medalist System, representing intermediate to advanced patterns and concepts. Silver level is not a level associated with social dancing.

slide

To bring the free foot slowly together to the weighted foot.

slot

Used as a concept in certain dances (i.e. west coast swing) where the goal is for the follower to dance on a track, turn around, and then come back on the same track in the opposite direction. The leader job is to move slightly out of the track (slot) to allow the follower a clear path.

slow

A musical count which encompasses two full beats of music, exactly twice the time of a "Quick".

slow dancing

A free-form type of social dancing to slow ballad or blues music. Slow dancing has no pre-determined basic steps or stylistic interpretation, although it is typically characterized by a compact dance hold or even a full embrace, with dancers swaying back and forth in a slow, steady rhythm.

Slow Foxtrot

The International version of Foxtrot characterized by long, slow linear movements.

Slow Waltz

An International or American Style dance in 3/4 time which developed from the much faster Viennese Waltz. Slow Waltz is characterized by rise and fall and rotational movement.

Smooth Style Ballroom

The term used in DanceSport events and in general to mean American Style waltz, foxtrot, tango and Viennese waltz.

spin

A very fast turning action.

spin turn

Also called a pencil turn or a platform turn. A turn on one foot with the other (unweighted) foot usually held in first position.

Spiral Turn

A turn which takes place after a forward step. With weight on the front foot a turn toward the free foot is made. The free leg then bends and wraps around the standing leg as one or more turns are completed.

split

The feet move apart with the weight evenly distributed over both feet.

Spot Run

A movement in which the man and lady run around each other in a small circle while in a dance position.

Spot Turn

A turn consisting of three forward walks in one small area, usually completing one full turn over three steps. (Known in American Rhythm as a Walkaround Turn).

spotting

technique for keeping oriented and avoiding dizziness during turns. Select a spot; keep looking at it as you turn until you can't any longer; then quickly turn your head so you are looking at it again.

Standard Style Ballroom

The name that replaced the term modern to mean The International Style ballroom dances—waltz, foxtrot, Viennese waltz, tango and quickstep.

standing foot

The foot which bears the majority of the body weight.

standing leg

The leg which bears the majority of the body weight.

step

Frequently used to mean the same thing as figure. OR The transfer of weight from one foot to another.

step pattern

A pattern formed by a small group of steps or movements

straight

Without sway to left or right.

stretch

To extend a limb or muscle to full length, or to increase the extension possible.

stride

The length or extension of a step.

Sugarpush

The basic step of West Coast Swing.

supinate

To roll the foot to the outer edge.

supporting foot

The foot which bears the majority of the body weight.

supporting Leg

The leg which bears the majority of the body weight.

sway

The inclination of the body to the left or right, usually away from the direction of movement.

Swing

A generic term to describe any form of Swing, such as East Coast, West Coast, Jitterbug, Lindy Hop, etc.

swing dances

Group of dances including East Coast Swing, West Coast Swing, Lindy Hop, Jitterbug, Jive, Balboa, Shag, and Charleston.

swinging action

The action of swinging the body weight from foot to foot as though suspended from an anchor point high above, like a pendulum.

swinging dances

Smooth dances characterized by swinging movements such as Slow Waltz, Foxtrot, Viennese Waltz, and Quickstep.

swivel

The action of turning on a weighted foot.

syncopate

To add or subtract steps within a specific number of beats performed by dancers to vary the normal step and to allow for personal expression and creativity.

syncopation

Any rhythm which contains notes or accents in between downbeats or primary beats. The more notes or accents that occur between beats, the more syncopated a rhythm is said to be.

Tango

In the American and International ballroom styles, a dance in 2/4 time, which originated in Argentina and is characterized by catlike walking action and staccato head movements.

Tango Close

In American Smooth, the ending of most Tango patterns: forward on the left foot, side on the right foot, and left foot closes to right foot without weight. Timing: Quick Quick Slow.

tempo

The speed of a dance or a piece of music, measured in measures per minute or beats per minute.

tension

Tautness in the muscles sufficient to maintain tone.

The Chase

A Cha Cha figure where the man and lady dance variations of the Progressive Basic movement in an Apart dance position. The lady will either follow the man visually, or improvise freely on her own until the man picks her up into a connected dance position. OR. A Tango figure which usually commences in promenade position.

The Conversation

An out-of-date term to describe basic Promenade patterns.

The Twist

A popular dance of the 1950's popularized by Chubby Checker.

Theatre Arts

A category of ballroom competition which includes lifts and drops. Also known as Adagio.

third position

Heel to instep, or ball to heel. Used in rock steps, shuffles, polkas, triple steps, and basic swing.

Three Step

One of the characteristic patterns of the Slow Foxtrot, comprised of three forward steps beginning on the left foot taken in-line with the lady. Timing Slow, Quick, Quick.

time signature

The sign of figures at the beginning of a musical composition or section or movement indicating the number and kind of beats to the bar (e.g. 3/4 indicates 3 beats to the bar, with the number 4 signifying that the basic beat is a quarter note).

timing

The synchronizing of movement of two bodies, or of the various actions within one body.

toe

In footwork descriptions, refers to a step taken high on the toe, with the heel kept up off of the floor, coinciding with rise or an up position.

toe release

The action of lifting the toe of the front foot from the floor, and maintinaing contact with the heel of the front foot while taking a backward walk.

toe-heel

The footwork used on a lowering action, abbreviated "TH". Commencing from a position of rise, the foot moves first with the toe in contact with the floor. The heel is then lowered to the floor, and the body lowers and weight shifts over the foot.

top line

The line created by the head, neck, shoulders, arms and back, usually in dance position.

tracking

The placement of the feet created by passing the free leg under the body along very narrow imaginary tracks.

traveling pivots

Pivots danced down LOD in extended 5th position.

triple step

A series of three consecutive steps, usually syncopated within two beats of music.

Tuck In Turn

In Swing, a turn which is led by the man causing the lady to wind up, or "tuck-in", then leading her to spin in the opposite direction.

turn

An action involving rotation.

turnout

A position of the feet in which the toes point away from each other.

turns

Most turn types, including pivot turns, chaine turns, chasse turns, and spiral turns

Twinkle

A dance figure or pattern, usually consisting of 3 steps, involving a pronounced rise & fall action. There are many versions of a Twinkle, the most common being found in American style Waltz and Foxtrot.

twist

The action of turning the feet against the floor.

twist turn

A type of turn executed on the spot, with both feet maintaining contact with the floor. The body weight is usually held between the feet.

Two Step

A Country & Western dance in 4/4 time, traveling very swiftly around the line of dance.

two step (night club)

A simple dance danced to slow, romantic music.

two step (Texas)

A fast traveling dance with many turns and normally danced to country music with a tempo range of 170-200 beats per minute. The basic step is like walking, except the timing is quick, quick, slow, slow.

two step (triple)

Uses a progressive version of the triple timing swing basic and progresses around the perimeter of the dance floor in a counterclockwise fashion. Also called double two step, the shuffle or the Fort Worth shuffle.

underarm turn

An action where one partner turns while passing under under joined hands.

upbeat

A non-primary beat, such as count 2 or 4 in music of 4/4 meter.

variation

A non-standard or non-syllabus step pattern.

variation

A modified version of a common step pattern.

Viennese Waltz

A fast ballroom dance in 3/4 or 6/8 meter, often associated with the music of Johann Strauss.

walk

A step taken forward or backward.

Walkaround Turn

(American Style) A turn consisting of three forward walks in one small area, usually completing one full turn over three steps. (Known in International Latin as a Spot Turn).

Waltz

A ballroom dance in 3/4 time which first developed in Vienna as a fast paced dance to the Strauss music of the time, and eventually evolved into the slower version we now know as Waltz (or Slow Waltz).

weight change

The full transference of body weight from one foot to the other.

weight connection

Connection created by both partners leaning their body weight in toward each other, or pulling their body weight away from each other.

West Coast Swing

A slotted swing dance in 4/4 time, characterized by its smooth and linear style.

Whip

A dance figure common in Swing dances such as East Coast Swing, West Coast Swing and Lindy Hop, which gets its name from "whipping" action of the lady around the man.

Whisk

A figure or pattern involving the crossing of one foot behind the other.

window

A position of the arms formed by two partners with connected hands, which forms the shape of a window.

zig zag

A figure or pattern involving sharp or angular changes of direction.